Panels A: Summary statistics
Before the COVID-19 outbreak During the COVID-19 pandemic
Variable Mean St.Dev. Min Max N Mean St.Dev. Min Max N
NBV_S 16.064 15.547 -19.998 77.718 233 28.032 24.012 -12.69 95.93 59
NBV_Retail 16.316 18.744 -30.989 80.807 233 30.873 30.866 -22.32 118.6 59
RetZZQZ 0.001 0.013 -0.067 0.056 233 -0.001 0.020 -0.0820 0.0360 59
Panels B: Results of Augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root tests
Before the COVID-19 outbreak During the COVID-19 pandemic
NBV_S -11.879*** -7.955***
NBV_Retail -11.911*** -8.396***
RetZZQZ -14.666*** -7.583***