Panel A: Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests
Variables Augmented Dickey Fuller Phillips-Perron
t-statistic P-Value Remark t-statistic P-Value Remark
SSR -13.719 0.000* I (1) -13.696 0.000* I (1)
BRENT -13.887 0.000* I (1) -13.936 0.000* I (1)
WTI -14.948 0.000* I (1) -3.780 0.019** I (0)
GFI -2.889 0.048** I (0) -4.338 0.003* I (0)
Panel B: Structural break unit root test results
Variables SSR BRENT WTI GFI
Break types and their T-stat. IO AO I(O) A(O) I(O) A(O) I(O) A(O)
-15.763* -15.843* -4.329 -3.872 -7.071* -7.789* -4.983** -5.014**
Break date 1 (TB1) 6th July, 2020 6th July, 2020 5th March, 2020 7th April, 2020 20th April, 2020 26th March, 2020 8th April, 2020 8th April, 2020
Break date 2 (TB2)
Lag Length (k) 0 0 0 9 5 14 0 0