Does the United States Bond Yield Affect Foreign Institutional Investor Inflows to India and Indian Stock Market?

We investigate the extent to which the United States (US) bond yield affects foreign institutional investor (FII) inflows and the performance of the Indian stock market using monthly time-series data from 2002 to 2021. We use the vector autoregressive model and apply the Granger causality test to investigate this relationship. We find no short-and long-run relationships among the US bond yield, FII inflows, and India’s stock market performance.


I. Introduction
In this paper, we examine how the United States (US) bond yield affects affects foreign institutional investor (FII) inflows to India and the performance of the Indian stock market. The impact of monetary policy in the US on international financial conditions, the resultant changes in capital flows, and the differences in spillovers between advanced and emerging economies have long been studied and debated in the literature (Fratzscher et al., 2018;Joyce et al., 2011;Krishnamurthy & Vissing-Jorgensen, 2011;Zhang et al., 2020). Our hypothesis is that the US 10-year government bond and variations in its yield influence the FII inflows into emerging markets in general and India and thereby influence changes in stock market performance. This hypothesis test is important because the performance of stock markets in the emerging economies depends largely on the investments by foreign institutions.
The literature has examined the relationship between quantitative easing (QE) and stock market performance. Anand and Chakraborty (2020) study the local and international consequences of a negative interest rate policy and how it varies from QE. They find that, while QE has no discernible effect on inflation, it has a negative effect on nominal gross domestic product growth in emerging Asian markets. Bhattarai et al. (2021) examine the international spillover effects of US QE on emerging market economies. They find that the US QE shock has a considerable impact on emerging market economies' financial variables. Ziaei and Szulczyk (2021) examine the impact of the US monetary policy on assets, bonds, and exchange rates in a sample of East Asian nations. They find that the US monetary policy plays a substantial role in the East Asian financial markets.
A handful of studies (e.g., Bhatia & Kishor, 2013;Chandra, 2012;Choudhary et al., 2022;Marfatia, 2022;Pandey, 2020;Singhania & Saini, 2016) explore FII inflows and their impact on the Indian stock market. To our knowledge, there is no study investigating the causal relationship among US bond yield, FII inflows, and stock market performance in the Indian context. Our study attempts to fill this gap in the literature.
The remaining paper is organised as follows. Section II discusses the methodology. Section III discusses the results, while Section IV concludes the paper.

II. Research Design and Methodology
We use monthly time-series data ranging from 2002 to 2021. To test the interrelationship among US bond yield, FII inflows, and stock market performance, we use a vector autoregressive (VAR) model and the Granger causality test.

A. Data
We collect monthly historical data on the 10-year US bond yield from www.investing.com. The monthly FII inflows (net investment) data are collected from www.fpi.nsdl.co.in. The monthly historical data on the Nifty index are collected from www1.nseindia.com.

B. Econometric Model
We employ a VAR model and the Granger causality test to assess the impact of bond yield on FII inflows and stock market performance. The reason for this choice is that a VAR model is flexible and is of widespread use in timeseries analysis. It is mainly used for forecasting financial and economic trends, and allows users to develop real-

A. Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test
Panel A of Table 1 reports the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test results. It is clear that the series follow a stationary process at first difference. That is, we cannot accept the null hypothesis that series contain a unit root, Thus, the time series are considered to be integrated at the first difference. Following this, we conduct the cointegration and Granger causality tests between the variables, namely bond yield and FII inflows.

B. Cointegration Test
The results obtained from the Johansen cointegration test are reported in Panel B of Table 1. The trace statistics are greater than the 5% critical value, indicating no longrun cointegration between the variables. Since the variables are not cointegrated, we employ an unrestricted VAR model to estimate their relationship. Table 2 shows the appropriate lag lengths based on the Likelihood ratio (LR), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC), and Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQ). The SIC suggests no lag, whereas the HQIC, AIC, and LR suggest, respectively, lags of two, six, and seven.

C. The VAR Model
Our estimation uses the two lags suggested by the SIC. The results of this VAR estimation are provided in Table   3. The results show that the US bond yield does not affect the FII inflows and the Indian stock market performance. The robustness of the results is further checked using other lags, such as two, six, and seven lags. We find similar relationships.

D. Granger Causality Test
The Granger causality test is widely used to identify long-run relationships among variables in the literature. The results of the Granger causality test are provided in Table 4. Since the p-values under the Granger causality test are not significant, there is no long-run causality among the US bond yield, FII inflows, and Indian stock market performance.

IV. Conclusion and Discussion
We investigate the extent to which the US bond yield affects FII inflows to India and the performance of the Indian stock market using monthly data from 2002 to 2021. Using the VAR model and the Granger causality test, we find no short-and long-run relationships among the US bond yield and FII inflows to the Indian stock market and its performance. Therefore, the US monetary policy does not affect FII inflows to the Indian stock market and its performance. This is contrary to the popular belief that "when the US (Federal Reserve) sneezes, the world catches a cold". The role of factors such as domestic institutional investor participation and the changes in foreign exchange rate can be explored by future research.

Acknowledgement
Authors would like to thank an anonymous referee and the editorial team of Asian Economics Letters for their valuable comments which improved the quality of this paper.
Submitted: January 29, 2022 AEDT, Accepted: April 29, 2022 AEDT Does the United States Bond Yield Affect Foreign Institutional Investor Inflows to India and Indian Stock Market?